Admissions Essay Essay Example for Free

Affirmations Essay The acknowledgment that training is a basic part of my expert and individual achievement has been a slow acknowledgment for me. Nonetheless, I accept that with my present feeling about the significance of training, I will have the option to make incredible progress in Central Washington University’s MBA program. As a youngster I didn't generally comprehend the significance of training with respect to my expert and self-improvement. During my secondary school years and early school years, I thought increasingly about games and spending time with my companions, than getting passing marks. Subsequently, my evaluations endured and I didn't profit as much from my classes as possible have when I was more youthful. Consistently, my Dad urged me and attempted to persuade me to invest more energy into my examinations. It was through his positive support and a bookkeeping class that I took with Ms. Smith that at long last changed my whole point of view toward instruction. Not exclusively did Ms. See more: Is the Importance of being sincere an ironical play paper Smith pull me aside and reveal to me that I was not working up to my latent capacity, yet she made me see that what we were concentrating truly made a difference to my life. I understood that on the off chance that I would have been fruitful in life I would need to put forth a concentrated effort and ace the material I was learning in my classes. Since I resulted in these present circumstances acknowledgment, I have been working more diligently in the entirety of my classes to turn out to be increasingly proficient and instructed individual. As of now I am attempting to guarantee my scholarly accomplishment by buckling down in my classes and getting ready to get a bosses degree in business organization. I currently put my classes as top need in my life and furthermore utilize my available opportunity to better myself too. As a more youthful child I gave next to no idea to what I did in my available time, and in this manner spent most of my leisure time playing computer games and spending time with companions. Notwithstanding, as I have gone to my acknowledgment that training and information are basic to my own and expert achievement, I presently like to understand books and different distributions pretty much a wide range of points to build up my comprehension of the world I live in. Besides, I have taken an assortment of math and business classes as an undergrad understudy to all the more likely set myself up for my profession objectives. To guarantees my accomplishment in these classes, I have reliably exploited professors’ available time and mentoring meetings at whatever point I need additional assistance in a specific region. My essential objective is to get a Masters Degree in business organization so as to pick up the information and experience I have to go into business. I am incredibly anxious to learn however much as could reasonably be expected about prevailing in the business world, and I accept that Central Washington University will take care of my hunger for information with quality classes and proficient educators. I trust that this program will assist me with achieving my objectives by showing me the initiative aptitudes, key arranging abilities, just as the general information I would should be effective representative. I additionally accept that both the understudies and staff at CWU will be individuals I can identify with and gain from. I have likewise heard that this particular program at CWU endeavors to give its understudies however much hands-on understanding as could reasonably be expected to all the more likely set them up for this present reality. This instructive way of thinking is lined up with my requirements as an understudy, and it will assist me with turning my aspirations into a reality. I accept that the mix of hands-on-understanding, inspired companions, newly discovered aptitudes will assist me with achieving my grand objectives once I finish this program.

Emancipation Proclamation essays

Liberation Proclamation articles The Emancipation Proclamation On September 22,1862 President Abraham Lincoln previously gave the primer Emancipation Proclamation. This archive expressed that slaves would be free with certain special cases. Prior at a July 22, 1862, bureau meeting, the president reported that he had chosen to announce the liberation of Southern slaves. The enrollment of 29,000 blacks in the Union armed force of the common war constrained Lincoln to settle on that significant choice. At that point on New Year's Day, January 1,1863, he announced that slaves held in southern states, Will be at that point, thenceforward, and always free. But slaves in the Border States of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky and pretty much the entirety of the Northern states were absolved from this strategy. Likewise for Southern captives to be really free they should get away toward the North. The announcement additionally incorporated that previous slaves shun all brutality except if in self-preservation. Furthermo re, that they reliably work for sensible work compensation. President Lincoln further announces that captives of reasonable condition will be acknowledged in the United States military. The Emancipation Proclamation got a wide range of reactions only here in the North. Slaveholders in Union states were happy that they could keep their slaves. Abolitionists and Radical Republicans hailed Lincoln's activities as a sign of subjection's demise. While different Northerners were worried that liberating a great many some time ago oppressed African-Americans would cause mass joblessness and distress, and questioned nearly as unequivocally as the South. Be that as it may, this has as of late changed as Union fighters have seen that blacks in the military can help win the Civil War. Two significant impacts have ascended because of the Proclamation. One is that European compassion has expanded, and the chance of Europe helping the South in its cotton discretion has fizzled. Likewise the Northe rn armed force has had the option to begin raising every single dark regiment which have become extremel ... <! Liberation Proclamation expositions Specialists are regularly gazed upward to as supernatural occurrence laborers, they mend individuals, not hurt them. This was not in any way obvious during the Holocaust in Germany, they could even be seen as the fiends advocates. From the beginning of time, specialists have in fact performed numerous miracles. There were, nonetheless, a few specialists that deceived this conviction and people groups trust. These specialists could be found in death camps, for example, Auschwitz and Dachau. These specialists submitted unspeakable acts against the Jews, gay people, and numerous different minorities, a few specialists in any event, accepting that they were directing useful tests. Following the holocaust, be that as it may, some of them were rebuffed for their activities. Somewhere in the range of 1939 and 1945, in excess of seventy clinical research activities and clinical examinations were directed at Auschwitz and Dachau. More than 200 specialists took an interest in such research activities and analyses, condemning somewhere in the range of 70,000 and 100,000 individuals, held without wanting to, to death through experimentation. These were for the most part Jews, gay people and different minorities. They were believed to be second rate compared to humankind. Such practices turned out to be broadly acknowledged and grasped by the Germans, because of the Nazis publicity. The trials led were various, yet could be arranged in three classes. The five star of investigations was led for the Nazi High Command. These tests managed endurance and salvage. They included freezing and outrageous temperatures just as the ingestion of ocean water and height changes. The freezing tests were isolated into two sections. The first was to perceive to what extent it would take to bring down internal heat level, and the close to conclude how to best revive a solidified casualty. The specialists would lower a stripped casualty in a frosty tank of water. They would embed and protected thermometer into the casualties rectum so as to screen their internal heat level. The frosty tank end up being the quickest method to drop the body&apo... <! Liberation Proclamation articles It is 1863. The United States is going into the third year of the War of Northern Aggression. Effectively countless lives have just been lost by the United States alone in this bloodiest war the World has ever observed. President Lincoln is presented with a difficult issue. Not exclusively is he losing his hold in the South increasingly more consistently, yet the danger that Great Britain will join the War on the Confederacy is a regularly approaching danger. France makes comparative dangers, however nobody focuses on the French. Lincoln must not just figure out how to keep the British out of the battle, however he should do it while warding off attacks of chuckling at the idea that France may ever really assault the United States. So on January first, 1863 soon after a genuinely necessary triumph at Shiloh, President Lincoln gives the Emancipation Proclamation, a record liberating slaves in regions that have withdrawn from the Untied States. This record changed the essence of History by keeping the British out of the War and safeguarding the Union. By making the war an issue of subjugation, Lincoln successfully kept the British out of the war, for Britain had recently annulled bondage in their nation. Also, how could a nation that had recently nullified subjugation absolutely on moral grounds, battle to save subjection in another State? Also, with the danger of British contribution gone, the French acknowledged they may really need to go up against the Americans and retreated in fear and fled. Despite the gigantic impacts abroad, the Proclamation was not gotten close to too at home. Southerners were obviously offended at the pomposity of the Federal government to apply this sort of intensity, the very explanation behind which they had begun the war in the first place. Also, the Rebels felt this was an assault on their lifestyle, and understood this would take out all odds of bargain. Things didnt bode a lot ... <!

The effects of lead on childrens brains Essay -- Environment, Toxic M

When utilized for differing applications, lead is presently known for its harmfulness in the human body. Dr. Gary Goldstein, the CEO of Kennedy Krieger Institute composed, â€Å"Exposure to unnecessary measures of inorganic lead during little child years may create enduring unfavorable impacts upon mind work (Goldstein 1990).† Lead harming mindfulness has gotten progressively predominant in the American government, with lead harming testing prescribed as ahead of schedule as nine to a year old enough (Health and Human Services 2011). This paper will clarify quickly lead’s history and mechanical uses, just as give an inside and out investigation on lead’s introduction to kids and how it influences their creating cerebrums. Lead, basically, is a component found in the earth’s outside layer. It is marginally dissolvable in water and is moved principally through the environment (Harte et al. 1991). The human utilization of lead goes back to 5,000 years prior when it was found that little amounts of silver could be removed from lead mineral (Harte et al. 1991). The old civic establishments of Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, India, and China utilized lead for vessels, rooftops, water pipes, utensils, adornments, and loads (Harte et al. 1991). Romans utilized lead acetic acid derivation as a counterfeit sugar in their beverages. Lead acetic acid derivation, known as sugar of lead, would improve a vintage without creating additional maturation, which would have happened with the option of sugars like nectar (Le Courteur and Burreson 2003). The Romans likewise utilized lead pipes for plumbing their homes with water. The Latin name for lead is Plumbum (like the word plumbing) henceforth the image Pb on the occ asional table (August 1998). Just the rich Romans approached water in their homes through lead pipes. Lead harming from th... ...ead levels are over 45 ÃŽ ¼g/dL (Ginsberg and Toal 2006). All in all, lead is an exceptionally far reaching poison that has been entwined since the commencement of humanity. To keep harming from this poisonous substance, nourishments ought to be washed before cooking of eating. Hands, especially those of little youngsters, ought to be washed before dinners (Harte et al. 1991). Chipping toxic paint should be evacuated by an expert; unblemished lead paint on structures ought to be kept up at times by painting over utilizing without lead coatings. Joggers and cyclists should practice away from traffic and dodge top driving hours (Harte et al. 1991). As a country, strides are being reached lead on everyday bases. Then again, nations around the globe need to gain from history’s botches on lead utilization; else, they are simply going to rehash the past. The impacts of lead on youngsters' minds Essay - Environment, Toxic M When utilized for shifting applications, lead is currently known for its harmfulness in the human body. Dr. Gary Goldstein, the CEO of Kennedy Krieger Institute composed, â€Å"Exposure to extreme measures of inorganic lead during little child years may deliver enduring unfriendly impacts upon cerebrum work (Goldstein 1990).† Lead harming mindfulness has gotten progressively predominant in the American government, with lead harming testing prescribed as right on time as nine to a year old enough (Health and Human Services 2011). This paper will clarify quickly lead’s history and modern uses, just as give a top to bottom investigation on lead’s introduction to youngsters and how it influences their creating cerebrums. Lead, basically, is a component found in the earth’s outside layer. It is marginally dissolvable in water and is shipped principally through the climate (Harte et al. 1991). The human use of lead goes back to 5,000 years prior when it was found that little amounts of silver could be extricated from lead mineral (Harte et al. 1991). The antiquated developments of Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, India, and China utilized lead for vessels, rooftops, water channels, utensils, adornments, and loads (Harte et al. 1991). Romans utilized lead acetic acid derivation as a counterfeit sugar in their beverages. Lead acetic acid derivation, known as sugar of lead, would improve a vintage without bringing about additional maturation, which would have happened with the option of sugars like nectar (Le Courteur and Burreson 2003). The Romans additionally utilized lead pipes for plumbing their homes with water. The Latin name for lead is Plumbum (like the word plumbing) subsequently the image Pb on the intermittent table (August 1998). Just the rich Romans approached water in their homes through lead pipes. Lead harming from th... ...ead levels are over 45 ÃŽ ¼g/dL (Ginsberg and Toal 2006). All in all, lead is an exceptionally across the board poison that has been entwined since the commencement of humanity. To keep harming from this poisonous substance, nourishments ought to be washed before cooking of eating. Hands, especially those of small kids, ought to be washed before dinners (Harte et al. 1991). Chipping toxic paint should be expelled by an expert; flawless lead paint on structures ought to be kept up at times by painting over utilizing sans lead coatings. Joggers and cyclists should practice away from traffic and maintain a strategic distance from top driving hours (Harte et al. 1991). As a country, strides are being reached lead on everyday bases. Then again, nations around the globe need to gain from history’s botches on lead use; else, they are simply going to rehash the past. The impacts of lead on youngsters' minds Essay - Environment, Toxic M When utilized for differing applications, lead is currently known for its harmfulness in the human body. Dr. Gary Goldstein, the CEO of Kennedy Krieger Institute composed, â€Å"Exposure to exorbitant measures of inorganic lead during little child years may create enduring unfriendly impacts upon mind work (Goldstein 1990).† Lead harming mindfulness has gotten progressively pervasive in the American government, with lead harming testing prescribed as ahead of schedule as nine to a year old enough (Health and Human Services 2011). This paper will clarify quickly lead’s history and modern uses, just as give a top to bottom examination on lead’s presentation to kids and how it influences their creating cerebrums. Lead, basically, is a component found in the earth’s outside. It is marginally dissolvable in water and is shipped for the most part through the environment (Harte et al. 1991). The human use of lead goes back to 5,000 years prior when it was found that little amounts of silver could be extricated from lead mineral (Harte et al. 1991). The antiquated civic establishments of Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, India, and China utilized lead for vessels, rooftops, water pipes, utensils, trimmings, and loads (Harte et al. 1991). Romans utilized lead acetic acid derivation as a counterfeit sugar in their beverages. Lead acetic acid derivation, known as sugar of lead, would improve a vintage without creating additional maturation, which would have happened with the option of sugars like nectar (Le Courteur and Burreson 2003). The Romans likewise utilized lead pipes for plumbing their homes with water. The Latin name for lead is Plumbum (like the word plumbing) henceforth the image Pb on the intermittent table (August 1998). Just the rich Romans approached water in their homes through lead pipes. Lead harming from th... ...ead levels are over 45 ÃŽ ¼g/dL (Ginsberg and Toal 2006). All in all, lead is an exceptionally across the board poison that has been interwoven since the commencement of humankind. To keep harming from this poisonous substance, nourishments ought to be washed preceding cooking of eating. Hands, especially those of little youngsters, ought to be washed before dinners (Harte et al. 1991). Chipping toxic paint should be evacuated by an expert; flawless lead paint on structures ought to be kept up at times by painting over utilizing sans lead coatings. Joggers and cyclists should practice away from traffic and maintain a strategic distance from top driving hours (Harte et al. 1991). As a country, strides are being reached lead on everyday bases. Then again, nations around the globe need to gain from history’s botches on lead use; else, they are simply going to rehash the past.

The Diversity And Complexity Of The Construction Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 4958 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction: This chapter illustrates how unique, huge, diverse and enormously complex is the construction industry. This industry generally constitutes of enterprises and professionals whose primary objective is to build communities, roads, schools, homes, business, hospitals and including its maintenance. The construction process consists of many activities, right from the onset of the project design and right through its implementation, maintenance, refurbishment, and goes up to the eventual disposal of its buildings or in other words, the whole life cycle of the project. This industry therefore require a wide range of suppliers, contractors and including manufacturers of materials and components to carry out its activities. The industry had changed a lot in its complexity over time, but the objective of the industry remains basically the same as it was 100 years ago. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Diversity And Complexity Of The Construction Industry" essay for you Create order However, the construction industry has a unique structure; with very few large establishments that dominate the infrastructure by carrying out works, that produces the majority of the turnover of this industry on a whole. Sears et al. 2008, p.2 state that contractors who vary widely in size and speciality accomplish the construction works. Some contractors choose to concentrate on a particular task or aspect of the construction project and are therefore referred to as specialty contractors. Others assume broader responsibility for a comprehensive work package and are referred to as main contractor. Due to the diversity present in the industry, the industry is fragmented which is a reality, the reason might be due to the adversarial short-term relationships which causes dissatisfaction within the industry and is therefore a project focused relationship. Moreover, lack of effective communication and implementation may also contribute to the fragmentation of the industry as it leads to significant negative impacts, low productivity, cost and time overruns and finally end up in conflicts and disputes. The industry also now faces new levels of complexity as it moves forward trying to keep pace with the increasing energy, material and labour costs which are to a great extend mitigated by the other industries by adopting the new technologies especially communication and information technology and also advanced management strategies. 1.2 Overview: The industry is considered to be one of the major economic sectors, which contributes a lot to the gross domestic product of the nation in respect to other industries. Cooke, and Williams, 2009, on p.3 states that the annual output of the UK construction industry is approximately  £114 billion, which represents almost 9% of gross domestic product. This industry also underpins the remaining sectors of the economy by providing the essential infrastructure and facilities on which all sectors of the economy depend. According to Potts, 2008, on p.3, this construction sector with 11.8 million operatives directly employed makes it Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest industrial employer accounting for 7% of total employment and 28% of industrial employment in the EU. There was also a report of the government policies, which was published by BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills business group sector document), stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the UK construction industry consists of over 250,000 firms employing 2.1 million people in a multitude of roles. The sector is defined as one which embraces the construction materials and products; suppliers and producers; building services manufacturers, providers and installers; contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients and those organisations that are relevant to the design, build, operation and refurbishment of buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, construction industry is very different from other manufacturing industries and therefore difficult to achieve similar performance, mainly due to its degree of uniqueness in its use, in the size, its location and complexity due to the varied non-uniform working conditions from one project to another. Therefore, it appears to be underperforming when compared to many other industries. Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.12 state that, the diversity of the construction and the variability in the production process has to be reorganised with each new construction project. For each project, a series of decisions has to be taken which take into account the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specific requirements and the context in which the tasks are to be executed. This can make project outcomes difficult to predict and can result in short and often adversarial relationships. Cox, Townsend, 1998, on p.21 states that the productivity, value for money, and overall client satisfaction in the construction industry are fairly low compared to other industrial sectors. The factors being: low and discontinuous demand; frequent changes in specification; inappropriate (contractor and client) selection criteria; inappropriate allocation of risk; poor quality; inefficient methods of construction; poor management; inadequate investment; an adversarial culture; and a fragmented industry structure. In order to improve the performance of this industry, government had taken initiatives and had produced many reports but had not made any impact. 1.3 Reports and recommendations: The publication of major notable reports namely Lathamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Constructing the Team (1994)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and two Egan Reports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rethinking Construction (1998)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Accelerating Change (2002)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? produced a considerable impact in UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s construction industry and started changing its working culture. Constructing the Team by Sir Michael Latham was published in July 1994, the key issues as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.39 are as follows: Clients have a role in promoting good design which provides value for money Clients should select the most appropriate procurement route on the basis of the type of project Effective design is crucial A modern contract should include: A specific duty for all parties to deal with each other Firm duties of teamwork so all can share in success A clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of all parties Easily understood language with guidance notes A choice of risk allocation Avoid variations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if it is required, price it in advance Ensure fair, prompt and secure payment to all parties Avoid conflict on site and disputes if any to be resolved speedily When selecting suppliers or tenderers, consideration should be given to: Quality as well as price A lead manager Sensible tender lists No burdensome qualification procedures Value for money Cost in use Factors which determine performance include: Adequacy of safety consideration Ability of operatives Improved training Relevant professional education Adequate RD, which is properly funded Teamwork on site depends on fair treatment for all parties The liability for defects post-completion should be properly addressed Rethinking Construction by Sir John Egan delivered the report in July 1998 for the success of the construction industry. He opined that while UK construction at its best is excellent, substantial improvements can be made, and it is vital that they are made. The key issues of this report as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.40 are as follows: The UK construction industry needs to improve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should be: Less fragmentation Increased profitability More capital investment More investment in RD More and better training Differentiation between price and cost Set targets for improvement and give commitment to the needs of the customer, to quality, and to people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the team and the process should be integrated around the product, and management should be committed to improvement throughout the organisation The construction process should be improved by: More process repetition on projects Integrating all team members to use their skills to deliver value to the client Focus on the end product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how best to achieve the desired result Continuous product improvement Implement projects correctly, suiting the site and the customer Partnering through the supply chain Once improvement starts, maintain it Improvement could be accomplished by developing a better culture in the industry: Providing decent working conditions More and better training Produce designs which considers the projects end use Standardise components where possible Improve regulatory controls Implement long à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" term relationships The National audit office report (2001)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Modernising Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as stated by Cooke, Williams, 2009, on p.11 that a major contributory factor to the poor performance of this industry was the adversarial relationships that existed between the construction firms, consultants and clients and between contractors, subcontractors and suppliers. The report also identified that government departments and agencies to ensure collaboration, integration and value for monies in the procurement of construction services. Further, it also suggested that the entire supply chain be integrated and that risk and value must be managed in order to reduce accidents, drive out waste and improve buildability. McGeorge and Palmer 2002 on p.54 cite CIRIAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s definition of buildability as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the extent to which the design of the building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed buildingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These reports produced during the various periods had contributed a lot to the growth of the construction industry. Since these reports were published, a changed performance could be clearly noticed in the activities of this industry. The findings of the report had tried to build up a challenge in the construction industry to procure projects that could achieve best value and also help in understanding the balance between quality and whole-life cost of the project. Many more studies on the performance of the construction industry were also conducted subsequently, which had identified the areas of strength and weakness of the construction industry. According to Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.2, the strength of the industry includes its flexibility and adaptability and its persistent weakness include its fragmented structure and project processes and its adversarial relationships. Furthermore, deficiencies in its performance in relation to customer focus, learning and leadership were revealed when benchmarked against other industries. 1.4 Material use: The construction industry is considered one of the major consumers of natural resources mainly the virgin materials from its surrounding environment. This will give rise to many environmental issues, which are unsustainable such as depleting natural resources, diminishing the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biodiversity, and even cause extinction of habitat if we continue the present rate of consumption. As stated by Kelley et al. on p.298 that materials used in buildings account for some 40% of natural resource use, 30% of CO2 emissions and 40% of waste. However, the environmental issues would certainly create a vital impact on the society and hence this industry should take earnest attempt to develop a strategy to provide low carbon solutions by way of minimising its carbon footprint. In addition, the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that voluntarily decides to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment and along with its procurement policy, c ould contribute to the environmental success. Built environment: The paper presented by Natural Building Technologies, have quoted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One Planet Living materialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of BioRegional and the World Wide Fund for Nature; have shown that if everyone in the world-consumed resources at the same rate that of UK, it would take the equivalent of three planets now to sustain this consumption. Hence, UK and the other western nations urgently need to take radical measures in order to reduce this present rate of consumption of resources. As we are aware that this planet has only a finite quantity of resources and therefore we in the construction industry should have a moral responsibility to ensure that industry is resourced using sustainable techniques. More over the construction industry should also insist on an environmental management system (EMS) accreditation for every project, which could help in continually, improving its environmental performance. An internal EMS audit if periodically conducted would help in checking the effectivene ss and delivery capability of the management system. The strategy paper of the UK Government, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Building a Better Quality of Life: A Strategy for more Sustainable Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000 b) as summarised by Kelly et al. 2002 on p.296 recognises the importance of sustainable construction and had challenged the construction industry to provide built assets which: Cause minimum damage to natural and social environments Minimise the use of resources Enhance the quality of life Will be acceptable to future generations 1.6 Needs: The working pattern of the society is changing quite fast and construction industry is known for adapting to change at a faster pace than other industries. Nowadays many people tend to work from home since jobs functions can be remotely performed and is quite feasible. The benefit from working at home helps in the reduction of transport movements, thereby considerably reducing pollution and traffic congestion especially during the peak hours. It is an eco-friendly option and is to be encouraged. Hence, this working culture would require housing to provide a higher quality of life and greater flexibility of adaptable living and space requirements. Therefore, in majority of existing homes, a need for up gradation would be necessary and a lot more of new homes constructed to accommodate this new culture in the coming years; for which a huge quantity of materials are required by the industry. This results in a heavy material flow. In addition, while designing a sustainable project, selec tion of materials should be made based on locally and easily available material, in order to reduce the embedded energy cost of transportation. This option would also decrease the carbon footprint of the project. 1.7 Regulations: A government publication by energy saving trust on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Code for Sustainable Homes New build housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Relevant to: England and Wales), states that the government intends that all new build homes should be zero carbon by the year 2016. Code level 3 is proposed to become the new standards for Building Regulations in England in 2010 and by 2050; the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entire housing stock will be virtually zero carbon. Clients, who desire to increase value of their project, could insist on the use of sustainable materials in order to acquire higher sustainability rating as mentioned in the BREEAMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s code for sustainable homes. These regulations create a lot of pressure on the project management team if a proper supply chain management technique is not available.. As mentioned in the Code for Sustainable Homes (Annex B Category 3, Materials on p.37), the supply chain management and material stewardship are essential elements of responsible sourcing. Hence, the supply chain manager is to consider the consequence and impacts of using materials by analysing its life cycle (right from the point it was mined or harvested,through manufacture and processing of the material, including its use, reuse and disposed off as waste with no further value), before the material is actually used in the project. However, all timber used in the project should be 100% legally sourced and 80% for all other assessed materials. 1.8 Sustainable sourcing code: For the London 2012 games, London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) had prepared a Sustainable Sourcing Code in consultation with industry leaders, sponsors and non-governmental organisations. It had been reviewing how its sponsorship and procurement activity could achieve the highest possible standards to ensure that the goods and services it procures comply with this code in meeting the sustainability objectives for the 2012 games. This code could be used as a benchmark in the preparation of a similar code of practice by the construction industry. The four core principles of the LOGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sustainable Sourcing Code and supporting guidelines on packaging and carbon emissions of products and services originally published in November 2007 and updated in December 2009 are as shown below: Responsible sourcing: Labour practices Health and Safety Diversity and inclusion Animal welfare and Testing Animal and plant products Timber and timber products Use of secondary products materials: Reducing waste Recycled content Packaging Waste electrical and electronic equipment Minimising embodied impacts: Environmental management Supply of products Transport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Low carbonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Games Healthy materials: Restricted substances and materials Heavy metals and brominated fire retardants 1.9 Controlling material resources: A material at site is money and is to be prudently handled. The cost of materials constitutes a major portion of the project cost. March 2009, p.139 states that the value of the materials incorporated into a building represent anything from 40 to 60 per cent of the final cost. Therefore, control of materials at site is a crucial element. Materials are not be wasted or lost. For proper control an effective communication between all involved for the project success namely the planning department, purchasing department, the site and the supplier is important. Responsibilities are to be clearly defined especially in buying of materials within the estimated amount since efficient buying results in savings, which in turn contributes to the profitability of the contract. Similarly hoarding of materials at site should be discouraged by initiating just in time delivery, but care is to be taken in the selection of material supplier so that the availability of bulk materials is ensured. Therefo re, materials management in construction projects is essential for its success. As Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.401 states that an essential component of materials management begins with site layout and planning. Designated areas must be allowed for material storage in order to reduce waste and damage to materials. Excessive stock of materials is a problem need to be controlled. March 2009, p.139 enumerates the reasons as to why excessive stock is to be controlled; Excessive stocks take up capital which could be better used Takes up space and absorb further capital for protection against weather Likely to be damaged resulting in unnecessary expenditure and possible delay incurred in replacement May be necessary to double handle stock to elsewhere on the site and missing the opportunity to have just in time delivery Site efficiency can be increased by effective material handling and result in costly waste reduced. Every project worth more than  £250 000 effective from April 2008 should have a Site waste management plan (SWMP), without which it would be a serious criminal offence as mentioned by Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.403 quoting The Clean Neighbourhood and Environment Act 2005 (Section 54 of Part 5). 1.10 Whole-life thinking: In addition, the construction industry need to consider the aspect of whole life costing during the procurement as the project not only consumes sustainable resources, but also generates waste in construction and demolition activities. The procurement of materials for the industry is strongly affected by environmental issues. Greater use of modern methods of construction and off-site prefabrication could be a solution in reducing the total amount of waste generated at site. Hence, the construction industry should strive to develop and implement the new paradigm of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ namely environmental, social and economic sustainability. Green building is an innovative technology and is good to be adopted by construction industry. This approach creates a positive environmental, social and economical impact over the entire life cycle of the project. It is a holistic approach of design and considers its impact on the wider environment and community around it. This technology procures homes, which are durable, save energy, reduce waste and pollution, and promote health and well-being. 1.11 Procurement methods: One of the main problems in this industry says Cooke Williams, 2009, on p.4, is that it separates design from production far greater than other industries and is still common despite the deficiencies of traditional procurement and the benefits offered by the newer and more flexible approaches. In traditional method of procurement, the design stage is separated from production by a tendering period. McGeorge and Palmer, 2002 on p.54, also support this view and quote à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by comparison with other industries the separation of the process of design and construction is unique to the construction industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Construction industry provides successful projects, the outcome of which is increased efficiency, greater borrowing capacity and payback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" long-term worth. The business objectives should always drive the selection of an appropriate procurement strategy, so as to procure a project to the complete satisfaction of the client. The procurement strategy so selected would depend on many factors; namely the client, the risk profile of the client, the cost certainty needed, accountability, flexibility, the type of project, time, funding, market condition, the industries capacity and capability. 1.11.1 Projects priorities: Moreover the factors that are to be considered while analysing a business objectives requirements and their relative priorities as pointed out by Kelly et al., 2002 on p.178 are as listed below: Factors outside the control of the project team Client resources Project characteristics Ability to make changes Risk management Cost issues Timing Quality and performance The choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are important to the clients perspective of the project. 1.11.2 Procurement strategy: The authors also state that the choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are of most importance to the client. After a selection is made, a strategic brief will need to be produced defining the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s project and the parameters within which the project must be realised to take the project to a success. Often less importance is imparted to the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives as compared to the primary criteria of time, quality and cost. These three primary parameters form the key criteria in the selection mechanism and are interdependent of each other. Therefore, procurement strategies adopted for the project would not be able to deliver all of them as high priority. For example, fast-track solutions for a project deliver speed and time certainty, whereas the other criteria such as cost certainty and quality may be less achievable. Similarly, in projects where quality or costs are considered to be of top priority, then the other criteria are affected. Hence, if a high priority is imparted in defining the project and especially linking of the prioritisation of objectives to the business case, greater then are the chances of a successful procurement of the project to the entire satisfaction of the client. However, from the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of a project, time, quality, cost and functionality are important criteria for the success of a project. The client generally prefers the highest quality at the lowest cost and the project being completed in the shortest possible time. As earlier mentioned it is not possible to attain all these parameters together for a given project. Depending upon the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business objectives, a suitable selection of the procurement strategy should be chosen. 1.11.3 Procurement option: If according to the client, a signature building is required for the project, then a traditional or design-bid-build strategy is an appropriate option for the project. For this project, quality would be very essential but this procurement technique adopts a sequential nature of activities, and therefore has no parallel working activity, which means that, construction could actually begin only after the design is completed as fully as possible. Hence is not suitable option for any fast track projects. However, this option fairly provides with cost certainty and time predicted. The delay experienced in completion of the project might be because considerable time is allowed for the design to take a full shape and thereafter in the preparation of detailed brief and also in the tendering procedures required to be completed before the start of the work. Therefore, an early start of the project would not be possible until the letter of intend is issued, which in turn have a knock on effect on the overall cost of the project (price escalation, inflation etc.). Sometimes the client might go in for a functional building where cost implication is to be the lowest and had to be completed before a fixed date. Here in order to meet the business objectives, a design-build procurement technique is quite appropriate, since early certainty of the overall contract price could be obtained. Moreover, as this strategy facilitates overlapping of design and construction, a faster start on site is possible resulting in shorter project duration with greater certainty of meeting the targeted date. Hence, this option is quite suitable for fast track projects but is not suitable for any complex infrastructural projects and also in projects wherein the clients brief is uncertain or inadequate. Alternatively, the client would require procuring a huge and complex infrastructural project with an emphasis on the targeted date of completion. Considering the clients business objective, the appropriate procurement route would be construction management, which is best-suited option for fast track and complex construction projects. In this procurement route, the construction work is divided into several packages, which are tendered separately to different experienced and qualified contractors. Hence, in this procurement method design, tendering and construction over lap thereby reducing the overall time of the project whereas there could be price uncertainty until the last package of the work had been awarded to a contractor. Due to the speed in completion, quality of the work would probably be effected and therefore a total quality management team would be required to ensure the quality of work during its progress. Therefore, this procurement route is not suitable for inexperience d clients and for those clients trying to transfer risk to the contractor. Therefore, the procurement strategy developed should strike a balance between risks that could cause an impact on the clients business and the projects objectives. Some projects could adopt more than one procurement option for the successful completion of the project as per the clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspective. Traditional approach may be used in the construction of the shell and core, whereas construction management would be used for the final works. The choices made might differ between clients of various projects depending upon their knowledge and experience of the industry. The scale and diversity of those involved in this industry is too enormous and hence this contributes to enormous pressures on the project teams, to ensure that the project completion is on time, budget and quality. 1.12 Risk: The diversity of those involved in the industry namely design engineers, architects, consultants, main and subcontractors, suppliers and constructional managers is huge. However, all those who are involved in this industry throughout the world strive together to establish a strategic framework to meet the budgetary and scheduling goals of the project. Time is one of the critical factors in construction industry, which has significant legal consequences. The client sets up rigid start and finishes dates for the project and if the contractor must comply with this period, barring any delay caused due to natural calamities, or lose money by paying the liquidated damages as laid down in the contract document. During the construction process delay in receiving of materials, equipments and services may erode profits. For a successful completion of a project, lot depends on the quality of the subcontractors and suppliers. Therefore, construction organisations should ensure that an appropriate subcontractor is selected. The subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s selection process involves many important factors including the evaluation of their capacity and also in performing a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. The risk faced in construction industry is different from that of other industries. This is quite evident while analysing the difference between manufacturing risks and construction risks as indicated by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.2 as shown below: Risk versus reward for the manufacturing sector Risk versus reward for the construction sector In construction industry, the potential for committing mistakes is high and facing problems is magnified by the poor interrelationship that exists between all the entities involved namely, the client, architect, consultant, project manager, contractors and suppliers. The risks, if not mitigated in time, would prove disastrous and hence, recommended to be avoided at an early stage. Construction risks as mentioned by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.3 are as narrated below: Internal financial problems Working capital problems Slow payment from the client Inferior plans and specifications Inadequate technical capabilities Insufficient information technology Lack of communication between the entities Productivity inefficiencies Work quality problems Work method problems Delivery reliability problems Bulk materials quality problems Another notable difference between the manufacturing and construction industry is the probability of failure while considering the labour element. This can be clearly understood if an improvement curve technique is performed as explained by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.4 and p.5 for both industries, the figures of which are as shown below: Probability of failure for the manufacturing industry Probability of failure for the construction industry The improvement curve is exponential and depicts a constant-percentage reduction of labour, which means that, the workers learn how to do their job better as they produce more and more units at a lower production cost. This advantage is accomplished due to the impact of cumulative learning by experience, which is possible in the manufacturing industry. Now considering the construction industry, which is constantly changing its complexity over time, we can observe that the learning phase in the learning curve would be present for every single project accomplished and the steady state phase of the learning curve is not satisfactorily achieved, thereby affecting the productivity in the construction industry. Unlike the widgets mass produced in a manufacturing industry, the finished product in construction is customised and cannot be a mass-produced. Therefore, the operation function that shows improvement in the manufacturing sector has quite a different profile in the construction industry and remains constant for the traditional construction organisation. From the figures shown above, the probability of failure after the completion of the 20th construction project is still seen to be high, whereas in a manufacturing process, after the production of the 20th unit, the probability of failure is seen to be low. This study clearly indicates that each construction project is a unique as it is constructed to the entire satisfaction of the client, and therefore it is possible to duplicate construction projects on large scale in order to improve the learning curve thereby improving efficiency and adding value to the client. 1.13 Conclusion: Construction industry had evolved and progressed over the yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right from the start of industrial revolution in the 1970s. The growth of industrialisation and urbanisation resulted in the creation of a new and expanding market for this industry. The industry had to face many problems due to lack of cooperation and integration between the design and construction of projects. The industry had changed many operating systems during its growth most of which had been imposed on from outside the industry especially through clients. The heavy demands for construction projects and the acute shortage of labour especially after World War II resulted in the search of new construction methods in order to reduce the amount of site labour and to increase productivity for the industry.

Writing the Rules in the Film, Brazil Essay - 1211 Words

Terry Gilliam’s dystopian film, Brazil (1985), lays out a visually stunning and ultimately sinister depiction of a future society hounded by an oppressive government’s desire for absolute control over the population. Of elementary focus in the film are the roles of technology and the subsequent dehumanization of the modern world and the myth of the â€Å"free man† under a totalitarian regime. Gilliam shows our current obsession with technology and information as an exasperating evolution of modernity that is, ultimately, leading us nowhere. Repeatedly, we see the shortcomings of a society that is overly reliant upon systematic response (as displayed by the constant demands for paperwork) and completely lacking in individualism and expression†¦show more content†¦The next absurd bit of modernity is the innumerable documents that must be signed, stamped, printed, and filed for anything to be accomplished. For example, the 27B-6 forms required for the men f rom central service to â€Å"turn on a kitchen tap.† Beyond being a nuisance, the paperwork becomes a sort of malevolent symbol for the totalitarian regime. In the case of the wrongfully arrested Mr. Buttle, the amount of receipts and complaint forms that need to be filed, stamped, and signed to complete an inquiry take so long that the Ministry of Information (M.O.I.) tortures and kills him before the wrongdoing can be uncovered. This example of over reliance on the system shows that the primary malevolent force in the film is not necessarily humans but the procedures and institutions they’ve created. The people actually responsible for the ‘wrongdoing,’ such as interrogator Jack Lint, are simply ‘doing their jobs’ and thus somewhat exempt from any wickedness. Further illustrating the villainous nature of the paperwork is Lowry’s final vision of Tuttle being covered by a mass of flying documents and ultimately being consumed by them. A final example of contradictory technology is the constant cosmetic surgery undergone by Sam’s mother and her friend, Mrs. Terrain. While it restores some superficial beauty to Mrs. Lowry, Mrs. Terrain is constantly undergoing procedures to no avail. With each successiveShow MoreRelatedFour Days in September1231 Words   |  5 PagesFour Days in September captured the experience of Brazil during the 1960s very well. Mostly because the entire film was based on an actual event, but even relating it to Velosos memoir and the music during that time it holds up to be pretty accurate. However, for entertainment purposes, or just that Bruno Barreto felt the need to, certain things in the film were left out. Things such as other social classes and the music scene in Brazil. 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In the action of trying to send a letter to his father he meets a retired schoolteacher (Dora) who makes ends meet by sitting at the station writing letters for illiterate people. She fails to send the letter and makes her living of profits from illiterate peopleRead MoreThe Mission: Inaccurate Portrayals of the Guarani and Jesuit Relations1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe film â€Å"The Mission† (1986) was written by Robert Bolt and directed by Roland Joffe. It explores the various relationships distinguished between Spanish Jesuits and Indian (Guarani) civilization situated along the borders of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil around 1750. Although, as stated in the beginning of the movie that â€Å"The Mission† is â€Å"based on true historical events†, Bolt and Joffe distort the portrayal of the Guarani and Jesuit relationships. 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These are the people we are supposed to look up to for guidance. â€Å"Brazilian Governor Johan Maurits (1604-1679) for example, claimed to be able to trade 15,000 slaves in Brazil every year for a profit of two million guilder† (Fatah 64). Greed and the power of money is something some people can’t resist. When a governor of a country would partake in these gruesome events for the gain of personal wealth it shows how corruptRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 PagesUNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION JANUARY 2007 .INDEX Preface†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 List of Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 I. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 II.CULTURAL PATTERNS OF BRAZIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A. Social Institutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. Historical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2. Geographical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3. Demographical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 4. Political†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 5. Economic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13Read MoreDemocracy versus Authoritarian Regimes Essays2898 Words   |  12 Pageshow they are affected. How to deal with the Past by Anatoly Stanley G. Payne Civil societies are the heart and root of everything socially and governmen-tally related, there would be no government without its people, there would be no one to rule if there were no subjects, and as such, there would be no society. This significant contribution is the reason why my research takes a specific focus into the effects of civil society, more so than the government itself. Upon reading this intellectually

Role of Computer Games and its Adverse Effects in Society

Question: Describe the Role of Computer Games and its Adverse Effects in Society. Answer: Introduction The video game concept is a controversial issue as many other topics. The line between an excessive amount of gaming and a healthy amount is quickly forgotten. For some video games are a way to relax or unwind after a long day, and to some people, it is an addiction, but still, this form of entertainment cannot be entirely ignored. Video games can be a form of social activity, a learning experience and stimulating if used to the right degree (Granic, Lobel and Engels, 2014). This report on computer games and its effect on health critically analyses in detail the age group who are actively engaged in playing video games, development in computer technology over the years mentioning the current consoles and probable effect on youth. There are various reasons why playing games is an integral life of many gamers and the psychology behind it is explored and mentions its effect on the society. A critical argument is also behind this psychology by quoting a line from a famous comedian. A brief history is explained citing the era of video game devices starting from the early generation up to current generation and its future. The concluding part details the adverse effects on children from playing long hours of computer games. Main Age Groups playing Video Games As Charrieras and Ivanova (2016) stated, computer games of today are played by all age groups, and comprises of mostly young adults and teenagers in the age group of 16-24 years old. The number is quite high in America where 81% of youths play at least once per month. Benefits or not, it raises a big question when the 8 to 12 year old plays 13 hours of video games per week and 13 18-year-old plays for about 14 hours in a week. With such a wide variety of games available and with the general interest, it is hard to prevent kids from playing them; rather the question that must be raised is if the children are benefitting from it (Noga, 2016). Evolution of Video Games and Devices Gee (2016) opined that games have evolved to a point where the person needs to be smarter, have quick reflexes and think fast to react quickly to events in a limited time frame. Over the years gameplay has been refined to such a point that it can accurately mimic realistic scenarios, which is responsible for garnering interest and the increase of the fan base. Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) and Videogame Rating Industry (VRC) were formed in 1993 to specify age ratings for different games, as many game companies started making games for adults like God of War, Assassins Creed, and Max Payne to reap profits. Currently, gaming consoles like PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Wii U and VR headsets and gaming gadgets and peripherals have penetrated the market to cater to the hardcore gamers, which are vastly superior regarding graphics, sound, and physics. It is still debatable if todays increased realism of games has led to violent social behaviors among the general youth especially in America in regards to gun control (Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Smith Tosca 2016). Importance of Games to Gamers As Romero, Usart and Ott (2015) opined, there are numerous games which when evaluated can bring out a lot of cons than positives. To some people, however, games have had a positive effect on them in the form of better cognitive thinking, good hand-eye coordination, and performing daily chores with much more precision (Granic, Lobel and Engels, 2014). There are some educational or traditional games which focus on specific aspects that not only let increases the knowledge of the player, simulate sports gameplay like football and cricket, and also help them relieve historical events, instances being Total War series, Simcity, Fifa, Call of Duty, among others. There are few games like Bioshock, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange and Uncharted, which excelled regarding storytelling and long after the games had been finished it remains in the mind of the gamers, which makes this medium for good storytelling. Another debatable aspect being games often present scenarios with unrealistic or id eal characters and situations which transport the player to a fantasy or imaginary world but often create unrealistic expectations (Bleakley, 2015). Games often objectify women with unrealistic body proportions and costumes for catering to the large base of male players. As Marcus Brigstocke, a comedian and author put it If Pac-Man had affected us as kids, we would all be running around in dark rooms, munching pills and listening to repetitive electronic music (Thompson, 2016). Video Game Devices Earlier there were gaming cafes and video game parlors which stocked a limited number of games where the younger age groups would spend hours. Then there were home consoles where a person could play games from the comfort of home. Presently the market is filled with lots of gaming consoles (specific devices made for playing games), like Playstation 4, Xbox One, Wii U, handheld consoles like Gameboy, and the rest play on desktop computers or laptops (Wesley and Barczak, 2016). Most of the consoles need just a display, and PC gamers can adjust game settings according to their hardware for smooth gameplay, which makes this platform all the more versatile. The gaming market has seen a huge surge in interest, and the games are not only restricted to specific consoles or devices but in smartphones too. The next generation of gaming is going to be on clouds for online gameplay. Time Spent in Video Games One of the biggest disadvantages of computers games is that the youngsters spend a lot of time in front of television or computers screens, which hurt their eyes leading to put on spectacles at a young age. This habit leads to spending less time in traditional sports, skipping on lunch and other important meals, which affects their eyes, overall health, distracts their mind, and their studies suffer as a result (Rezaei Dehaghani, Mohammadi and Mehrabi, 2016). Many games present obscene scenes and dialogues which sway the minds of young towards the pop culture (Effect of Video Games on Child Development | Developmental Psychology at Vanderbilt, 2016). Recommendations Being Aware of the Content There has been a lot of research on the impact of video games, and it has shown improvement in social benefits and cognitive functions. Instead of just playing the game, if the player focuses on the meaning of the messages, the guidelines, challenges, and restrictions then the player can gain a lot of knowledge from them and implement them in their life barring the negativities. Parents need to be aware of the kind of games their children play and need to buy games online or offline after seeing the age rating and then making a personal evaluation if the game will be suitable for the kid. Regulation of habits Parents also need to balance their children's gaming addiction and limit it to no more than 1 hour per day, and that too after they finish their daily chores including school work and personal chores. Children should be encouraged for engaging in social interaction. If there is more than one kid in the room, then the parents must ensure that they do not fight for their turns instead give them a mental note on their playtime. In respect to mainstream media, video games are mostly uncensored in many countries, and it provides broad access to enjoy this medium in its unrestricted form. Games as a Learning Tool Players can increase their knowledge by playing historical games like Total War series, Civilization series, World War games like Call of Duty, Battlefield series, tycoon and management simulation games like Rollercoaster Tycoon, Simcity, and sports games like Fifa and Cricket. Players playing games for more than an hour should go for an eye checkup every six months and take proper glasses. Good posture also needs to be maintained to avoid long term injuries. Besides those playing need to get up and walk in nature from time to time. Conclusion Video games are a big part of the current contemporary culture, and people of all ages enjoy it in different forms. It has been found that the children from 8 18-year-olds are most active in the gaming scene and spend up to 13-14 hours per week. They cant be prevented from playing them rather research is on in converting those hours into productive time. Computer technology has evolved a lot over the years, and desktop gaming has been refined so much that currently, it depicts a very realistic picture of real life scenarios. Even though game ratings exist but the system is yet to be adequately implemented. There have been instances of violence among youth, but it is not determined if they are caused by video games. Games are an immersive form of the medium which can make a fictitious setting much believable. Often it objectifies women and makes players have unrealistic expectations in real life. Advantages being games increase hand-eye coordination, fast reflexes, and cognitive skil ls. Games have evolved from arcade game parlors to gaming consoles and smartphones devices. There are significant disadvantages from playing long hours including poor eyesight, lack of social interaction and adverse effects on health. References Bleakley, C. M., Charles, D., Porter-Armstrong, A., McNeil, M.D., McDonough, S, M., McCormack, B. (2015). Gaming for health a systematicreview of the physical and cognitiveeffects of interactive computer games in older adults.Journal of Applied Gerontology, 34(3), NP166-NP189. Charrieras, D. Ivanova, N. (2016). Emergence in video game production: Video game engines as technical individuals.Social Science Information,55(3), 337-356. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018416642056 Effect of Video Games on Child Development | Developmental Psychology at Vanderbilt. (2016).My.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2016, from https://my.vanderbilt.edu/developmentalpsychologyblog/2014/04/effect-of-video-games-on-child-development/ Egenfeldt-Nielsen, S., Smith, J. H., Tosca, S. P. (2016).Understanding video games: The essential introduction. Routledge. Gee, J. P. (2016).Gaming lives in the twenty-first century: Literate connections. G. Hawisher, C. Selfe (Eds.). Springer. Granic, I., Lobel, A., Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games.American Psychologist, 69(1), 66. Granic, I., Lobel, A., Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games.American Psychologist, 69(1), 66. Noga, H. (2016). SELECTED FACTORS OF THE SOCIALIZATION IMPACT OF COMPUTER GAMES AND THEIR CONTENT.SIE,2, 569. https://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol2.1417 Rezaei Dehaghani, A., Mohammadi, M., Mehrabi, T. (2016). Association between playing computer games and mental and social health among male adolescents inIranin 2014.Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(2), 153. doi:10.4103/1735-9066.178236 Romero, M., Usart, M., Ott, M. (2015). Can serious games contribute to developing and sustaining 21st century skills?.Games and Culture,10(2), 148-177. Thompson, K. (2016).It's All About You, Simply Nutrition, Simply Fitness and Beauty, Art Appreciation, Out and About. Troubador Publishing Ltd. Wesley, D., Barczak, G. (2016).Innovation and marketing in the video game industry: avoiding the performance trap. CRC Press.

Value Of Education Essays - , Term Papers

Value of Education A few days ago, as I was eating lunch with friends, I entered a heated debate about the worth of education. "I should not have to learn algebra and calculus because it will have no influence on my life," my opponent angrily shouted as I tried to defend the usefulness of mathematics. Three days later, I still mul l over the issue, trying to arrive at the origin of the disparity of views betw een my opponent and me. I treasure every bit of knowledge I gain, in or out of school. When someone contends that a particular academic field or realm of inf ormation has no applications, I feel compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such an argument by citing an example from my life. As a middle-schooler in Moscow, Russia, I took English for three years. Many of my peers grumbled about having to attend the course, adamant in their belief that these skills would be never used. However, some, including myself, felt that any offer of knowledge was to be accepted and stored away for possible later use. Lo and behold, three years after I signed up for my first English class, I found myself living in the United States, sending sincere thank you letters to my English teacher for supplying me with survival skills. If I had not taken my class seriously, my integration into the American society would have taken much longer. My attitude toward learning has not changed since. Striving to excel in every class I take, I regard education in all areas as relevant to my life, rather than remote. I try to link each piece of new information either to my intended field of study (Physics/Mathematics) or to personal enlightenment. Living up to my motto, "The measure of learning is its application," I prepare myself for all situations and achieve well-roundedness.

Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essays

Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essays Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essay Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essay Essay Topic: Vegetarian MKT 204 Principle of Marketing 2 Individual Assignment Fast food industry Swot Analysis Name: Ting Ze Kai ID: I11008551 Section: 5K1 Lecturer: Mr CHEAH SIN CHYE Table of Contents Company Background| 3| PEST Analysis | 4-9| 4Ps Strategies| 10-11| References| 12-13| Appendix| 14| Company Background McDonald is a largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in the world. Approximately 68 million customers in 119 countries daily are served. The birth of McDonald began with Raymond Albert Kroc. He found two brothers (Richard and Maurice McDonald) who run a hamburger restaurant and acquired the franchising right from them to run McDonald’s restaurant. In 1955, McDonald’s Corporation was founded by Ray Kroc and opened the first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. In 1980, GOLDEN ARHCES RESTAURANTS SDN BHD gets the license to operate McDonald’s restaurant in Malaysia from McDonald’s Corporation USA in 1980. The first restaurant McDonald’s Malaysia opened at Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. Now, it has more than 200 restaurants operated in Malaysia. PEST Analysis- McDonald Political * Raising retirement age * Healthy Issue * Taxation| Economic * Exchange currencies * Economic growth * Interest rate| Social * Seek to better quality * Technology with teenagers | Technology * Online advertising * Mobile CRM * New technology | Political Raising retirement age According to the V. SHANKAR GANESH and EUNICE AU (2012), they stated that the retirement age for the public sector has already been raised to 60 by government. It can be a huge impact for the company. Normally, company paid high salary for the old workers which contain high skill and experience. For saving cost, company will recruit new worker which paid low salary to cover worker near retirement age. But, the retirement age has been increase and old worker still with high salary. It will lead the cost of labour increasing to the company. Healthy Issue According to the Audrey Edwards (2012), he stated that 35 major food and beverage(FB) producer and fast food has been asked by the government to reduce the sugar and salt content in their product. It implies government will start to enhance the standard of requirement of the food and request fast food company emphasis on more healthy food. Therefore company should readjustment the standard of their food to reach the government requirement. It might affect the taste of their product and losing their customers. Taxation Prime Minister Dato Seri Najib in Budget 2012 announced franchise fee is now tax deductible in Malaysia. Those fees for franchise business they paid are allowable for tax deduction (NBC, 2011). It is good news for those franchise companies. Normally, a rise in corporation tax has the same effect as increase cost. Company will pass some of this tax on to consumer with higher price. Whereas, franchise business can use those fees they paid to deduce the tax from company. Therefore, the cost will be decrease and they can provide more value meal for their customer. Furthermore, they have more capital to find a new market such as hot drinks market, healthy food market and so on Economic Exchange currencies According to the The Star (2012), it mentioned that the ringgit climbed 3. 7% to 3. 0598, the biggest gain since the third quarter of 2010. A head of treasury at Bangkok Bank Bhd said that the currency is on a strengthening trend and could test 3. 3 to the dollar in the near term (The Star, 2012). It means that the exchange currency maintains at the high level and it will be increasing in the following. McDonald always imports most of its raw material such as beef and potatoes due to local market cannot supply in abundant to meet the demand of its products. Therefore, the strengthening of ringgit makes company cost of purchase decrease. Then, company is able to lo wer their product price and diversify their promotion tools to offer more value meal to attract customer. Economic growth According to The Star (2012), it mentioned that Malaysia’s economic growth remains strong and is at a comfortable level when compared with that of the global economy and the central bank has projected the Malaysian economy would grow at a steady 4%-5% this year anchored by resilient domestic demand. As the food slightly above normal foods, not many people will have the income range to consume the products. Moreover If the economy is bad and their income is affected, the demand of McDonald product will certainly going down. But Malaysia’s economic remains strong means Malaysian have more disposable income and they can spend more and more expensive food at fast food restaurant. Interest rate Malaysian interest rates currently at three per cent have remained accommodative (The Star, 2012). It could be a dangerous for the company. Businesses often need to take out short term loan to make up for shortfall in expenses, so higher interest rate makes such shortfalls more costly, since the business will have to more interest back to lenders. Company also frequently take out longer term debt for improvement and infrastructure. The higher interest rate, they should face more costly on their debt. Therefore, they should lower their cost of production by using different way and strengthen their marketing strategies to gain more profit to overcome. Social Seek to better quality Malaysian quality of life index increased from 100 points for the base year 2000 to 111. 9 points in 2010 (The Star, 2012). When their quality of life is improved, they have higher expectation. They will start to want have quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one restaurant from another. All these needs should be considered by the company. If company haven’t noticed it yet, it will be difficult to gain competitive advantage in the market. Technology with teenagers According to the Joy Lee (2012), he mentioned that technology has no doubt brought about the luxury of convenience. Nowadays, even a toddler or kid is in tune with technology. It means that technology is changing the life style. Teenagers want technology in their life and facilities such as credit card payment, wireless internet and other attraction for their hangout and eating. So all these need should be considered by McDonald Company. Technology Online advertising During the height of the tech boom, online business is getting normal nowadays. It brings convenient to the customer and company. According to the Jack Komperday (2003), McDonald’s sat on the internet advertising side lines. This will get closer with their target market because teenagers get in touch with technology more. Compare with TV advertising, online advertising is more effective and cheaper. Furthermore, company are easier to spread their new products and news through their official website such as www. Mcdonal. com. my. Customer also can take order easily through their official websites. Mobile CRM According to the Chantal Tode (2012), Mcdonald’s will introduce a mobile CRM program with the goal of rewarding customer and driving loyalty. The program involves using the Mowingo mobile application to notify customer about regional promotions and store-specific coupons that are exclusive to the app and the store issuing them such as they can get a free coffee or other through the app (Chantal Tode, 2012). This will lead cost saving for the company and attract more customers. New Technology Times have changed and evolution of technology in the fast food industry is picking up the pace. According to the Kerry Pipes (n. d. ), touch-screen kiosks and self-checkout lanes will happen in fast food restaurants such as McDonald, Burger King and so on. These contactless payment kiosks often included colourful, animated touch-screen menus that give customer the option to browse through the entire menu, customize their order, and then pay with cash a credit card Kerry Pipes (n. d. ). It is very fantastic system for McDonald which is a fast food industry provide fast services. They give customer more freedom and convenient. It will increase the speed of service and ease long lines. Company also can cut their labour costs due to the machine has replaced labour work. 4P Strategies deal with issue Product For dealing the health issue, company can come up new menu with healthy food. McDonald’s specialise product is burger so they can come out a healthy hamburger, add salad and fruit with set meal or organic food. It will meet the requirement from government and open new market to attract healthy conscious customer. Furthermore, Malaysia’s economic is growing, Malaysian has more steady and disposable income and they will choose more expensive and quality food to satisfy them. Therefore, McDonald can adapt better raw material to produce products with high price and high quality such as triple burger, high quality beef burger and so on to satisfy customer’s taste. Price In marketing mix, price is very important for a product. Due to the franchise fee is now tax deduction in Malaysia, McDonald are able to use more pricing strategies to position their products such as promotion price, value price, price skimming. But for the vegetarian burger and high quality beef burger, company can use pricing skimming method to set initial high price with them into market because they adapt high quality and healthy material to make it and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. It will position the healthy burger with high price high quality in people’s mind. In addition, exchange currencies issues bring the cost of production decrease and hence they can earn more profit. Promotion For the new launching of product, company can advertise new product with bar code. Customer scan the barcode with their smartphone, they can get free drinks with new product. Online advertising is getting normal nowadays. Therefore, company can use various form of online marketing techniques such as banner advertisements, videos or social medial to promote their product. In addition, McDonald, social responsible company so they can expand their online advertising related with social responsible. It can build a positive image in the market. Furthermore, using CRM program maintains customer relationship and loyalty. McDonald has opportunity cooperate with mobile cooperation to wider their range of customers such as customer will get free coupons when they purchase certain brands mobile. Place Malaysians are starting to seek to better quality now. McDonald should increase their outlets nearby work place, bus station, and airport. Furthermore, they should increase their location of deliver service and provide training for their employee to build a faster and better service for their customer. For the new launching product such as high quality beef burger, they initially can only available few outlets which located upper middle class area. References * V. SHANKAR GANESH and EUNICE AU, 2012. Raising retirement age. Available at: nst. com. my/top-news/raising-retirement-age-1. 94353#. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Audery Edwards, 2012. Passion for food feeds disease. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/4/15/nation/11069279sec=nation. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Asian currencies complete quarterly gain. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/4/15/nation/11069279sec=nation [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Minister: Economic growth stays strong. Available at: http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/3/26/business/10986390sec=business [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Interest rates remain accommodative. Available at: http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/3/21/business/20120321195459sec=business [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Joy Lee, 2012. Today’s toddlers and kids are in tune with technology. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/metro/story. asp? file=%2F2012%2F6%2F2%2Fcentral%2F11395408sec=central#. T8nYyO-wHmE. facebook [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Report shows better quality of life in 2000-2010. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/6/11/nation/20120611220429sec=nation. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Tan Cheng Li, 2012. Malaysians do their part to protect the environment. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/lifestyle/story. asp? file=/2011/4/22/lifefocus/8485754sec=lifefocus. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * NBC, 2012. Franchisee fee is now tax deductible in Malaysia. Available at: nbc. com. my/blog/franchise-fee-tax-deductible-in-malaysia/. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Jack Komperda, 2003. Buying Time Online. Available at: usnews. com/usnews/culture/articles/031006/6ads. htm. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Chantal Tode, 2012. Mcdonald’s bites into mobile CRM at over 500 locations this summer. Available at: mobilecommercedaily. com/2012/05/18/mcdonald%E2%80%99s-bites-into-mobile-crm-at-over-500-locations-this-summer. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] Appendix

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style - Essay Example "He's a prophet and a pusher - partly true, partly fiction, a walking contradiction." - Kris Kristoferson - quoted by Betsy in Taxi Driver (1976). Key elements of Hitchcock's style that promote the idea that he is an auteur of the cinematic medium are: 1) the way in which his passion and dedication to his own vision superceded external influences at the time to break new ground within the film industry. 2) The degree to which he directly participated in the film's creation. 3) His technical and theoretical consistencies across a range of films - including his innovative use of camera angles and movements to establish mood, his use of distortion and the uncanny to evokie feelings of suspense and horror, his use of timing to build anticipation, his refusal to adhere to standard narrative forms and his ability to utilise scenery, sound, aesthetics and symbolism to create a unified effect for a common purpose. Throughout Vertigo and Blackmail, Alfred Hitchcock's directorial fingerprint c an be evidenced in each film's cinematic techniques, aesthetic vision, dominant themes and stylistic consistencies. Each of these ingredients comprise Hitchcock's identity and classification within the theoretical school of auteurism - whereby the politique des auteurs ("the policy of authors")(Rohmer & Chabrol, 1957, 95) in the text. is governed by the director's own creative vision - bearing their own trademark style and transcending the limitations of mainstream demands and corporate economic considerations.

The United States political system compared to The United Kingdom Essay Example for Free

The United States political system compared to The United Kingdom Essay The US and the United Kingdom are alike, although not as evidently, in many ways, and this likeness has contributed to their present relationship. History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The History of the United Kingdom is characterized by significant changes with each ruling Monarchy. In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy was able to displace Harold II, the Saxon King (Emsworth 1-59). From then on, English History became filled with intrigues, and power struggles between members of the Monarchy. There was a time when no one was considered more powerful than the members of the Royal Line. It was during the reign of Henry III in the 13th century when the concept of the â€Å"Parliament† was created, when Simon de Montfort challenged the monarch (Emsworth 7). From then on, the branch evolved in power from what used very limited to the legislative and political whims of the monarchy at first, to its intermittent dissolutions and recalls during the reign of Charles I and Charles II, its survival of the battle between Catholicism and Protestantism, its increased influence in 1644, to to what it is today, a representative of the Sovereign (Emsworth 1-59). It was under the reign of George I when first â€Å"Prime Minister† was appointed (Emsworth 20). Although there were attempts to minimize the influence of this figure, it has continued to grow in power, together with the parliament. William IV was the last monarch who appointed a Prime Minister without the confidence of the Parliament and since then, the parliament had survived many changes in system and its influence in the government (Emsworth 1-59). The constitution of the United Kingdom, up to this day however, remains â€Å"unwritten†. Demographics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were approximately 60.2 million people in the United Kingdom in mid-2005. The majority of the population, about 84% lived in England. There was an increase in the average age of the people from 34.1 years to 38.8 years. 1/5 of the nation’s population are below 16 and 1/6 are above 65. The ratio of males against females is almost equal. By mid-2005, the growth rate had increased from 0.3% to 0.6%. It is said that the population growth of the United Kingdom had been a result of natural change because there had been more births than death every year since 1901. However, this had changed because during the late 1990s, there had been an evident increase in the international migration which is a very significant factor that contributes to the increase in population (â€Å"Population Estimates: UK Population Grows to More than 60m.†). Executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Article II of the US Constitution states that the Executive power is held by the President of the United States who holds Office at a four-year term, together with the Vice President who is likewise elected at the same term. Whereas the US is Presidential in its system of government, the powers in the United Kingdom is dictated by the provisions of the Westminster System. As with any other country under the system, the executive power of the United Kingdom is theoretically held by the ceremonial figurehead or the monarch. At this time, the monarch in the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth II (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). But essentially, executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister as the head of the Government, the Cabinet and the Junior Ministers. Although theoretically, the powers of the executive are with Queen Elizabeth II, it is actually the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the Junior Ministers who exercise this power, but under the ceremonial authority of the Monarch (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). The term of the Prime Minister is limited to a maximum of five years, but such length could still be shortened or â€Å"dissolved† by the Sovereign or the monarch. This could be done only upon the Prime Minister’s request. Some cases such as the passage of Motion of No Confidence by the House of Commons or its rejection of a significant Government Agenda could also compel the resignation of the Prime Minister or the Dissolution of the Parliament (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). The term of the US Executive can also be shortened, that is, in cases when a President becomes disabled, dead or resigned (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†). The term can also be shortened by impeachment. The twenty-fifth Amendment of the US Constitution says that he/she should be succeeded in Office by the Vice President if such cases would happen. After the Vice President, the line of succession includes the Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore and the Cabinet members. A Vice President can be replaced in case of disability, death or resignation by the appointment of the President of the United States. In case the Office of the Prime Minister becomes vacant, it is the Monarch who is responsible for the appointment, based on the Constitutional conventions. In such a case, the Monarch is expected to appoint an individual who is supported by the House of Commons (Emsworth 27). It is expected that the Prime Minister as head of the government could control the majority of members of House of Commons. This must be so as to ensure that there is no significant opposition against them because support must be made by the Cabinet regarding policies (Emsworth 27). As it is in any country under the Parliamentary form of government, there is an overlap between branches of the government, in this case, the executive and the legislative. Section 2 of Article 2 of the US Constitution explains the powers vested on the President of the United States. Based on this, the President has the power to command the Military of the whole of United States for the service of the country. In the United Kingdom, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is the Monarch. As it is, the British Armed Forces swear allegiance to the Sovereign Monarch only. But, it is the Prime Minister who holds the decision over the deployment of the British forces. In addition, the Prime Minister has the power to authorize Britain’s use of nuclear weapons. However, because in the UK political system, the power of the executive is dependent on the Parliament, even with such powers, the Prime Minister’s status is dependent on the general confidence of the Houses. As said earlier, it is expected that the Prime Minister could control majority of the House members (â€Å"Politics in the United Kingdom†). The President of the United States also has the power to create treaties, appoint ambassadors, ministers, consuls, judges and officers but only with the consent of the two-thirds of the senate. Still, the Congress may allow the President, the Courts of Law and the Head of the Departments to appoint inferior Officers (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States, Article II). In the United Kingdom, the members of the cabinet, as part of the executive, are considered responsible in the positive and negative implications of the government policies. As with the convention, all decisions of the cabinet must be a consensus and in cases of supposed inadequacy, the Prime Minister has the power to control the government by appointing and dismissing ministers on such grounds (Emsworth 40-41). The Ministers act as leaders of the different Government Departments which are usually composed of the Members of the Parliament or â€Å"peers† in the House of Lords (Emsworth 40). The US President would be responsible for providing the Congress information about the State of the Union, receiving of Ambassadors and Ministers, the execution of law and the commission of officers. This is based on Article II of the US Constitution. The counterpart of the State of the Union in the United Kingdom is the Westminister System’s annual Speech From the Throne. Here, the Head of the State, the Monarch addresses the parliament about the possible policies that are to be expected in the next year (â€Å"Politics in the United Kingdom†). Other than these, there is no written constitution to limit to the power of the executive or the Prime Minister as long as he/she holds the confidence of the legislature. Legislative Since the United Kingdom also has a parliamentary system of government, its executive is also founded on its legislature. In other words, the executive is fused with the legislature. There is no limitation in the government powers because there is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. In addition, there is no written document that formally separates the powers of the executive and legislative branches. The government of the United Kingdom has no limitation on its power in the legislature as long as it holds confidence. It is Parliament vote that is necessary to break the government power over the legislature. Just recently, Tony Blair, the current Prime Minister was defeated on a proposal involving the extension of the detainment of some terrorist suspects (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). On the other hand, the United States has a Constitution that clearly defines the separation of each government branch, that is, the Executive and the Legislative branches hold separate, equal powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Article I of the US Constitution states the powers and responsibilities of the Legislature. The US Legislative Powers is held by the Congress which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives, with the former having the power to approve treaties and nominations by the President, and the latter having the power to originate revenue bills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly, the British Parliament is bicameral, composed of two Houses: The House of Commons and the House of Lords (Zulueta 209). While the United States has both its legislative houses democratically elected, in the United Kingdom, it is only the members of the House of Commons who are democratically elected (Zulueta 209). The members of the House of Lords are usually members of the aristocracy and attain hereditary power (Emsworth 34). In addition, members of the US legislature are representatives of each of the 50 states in the United States. In the same way, members of the UK legislature are representatives of constituencies, with boundaries determined by the Boundary Commissions (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As with the case in the US, bills and financial concerns, based on convention, originate in the House of Commons and not in the House of Lords (Emsworth 32). But, unlike that in the US, which constitution allows for equal powers between its two Houses, the House of Commons is considered as more powerful compared to the House of Lords (Zulueta 209). Although, historically, this may not be the case, the House of Commons is always superior to the House of Lords because this chamber is democratically elected and can be considered as a repository of the people’s rights (Zulueta 209). In terms of financial matters, taxation, supply bills, the House of Lords are barred from proposing amendments (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). It can be said too, that the legislature, particularly, the House of Commons holds power over the Prime Minister who is considered as the wielder of Executive power because of the dependence of the executive power on the support of the legislature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 8 of the US Constitution enumerates the powers of the Congress. Generally, it states that the Congress has power to impose and collect taxes, borrow and pay debts for the general welfare. It also has the power to regulate trade with other nations and states, establish rules for naturalization and bankruptcies, regulate the value of money and provide punishments for crimes such as counterfeiting. Others include the establishment of post offices, constitution of tribunals and courts that are inferior to the Supreme Court, definition and punishment of laws, declaration of war, maintenance and provisions for the Armed Forces, and to create laws which are necessary for the carrying out of the provisions of the Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point in time, the most notable among the powers of the US legislature is its power to declare war. It is clear then, that the US Executive has the power only to command the Armed Forces but cannot declare war without the consent of the Congress. This is the same with the case of the UK, whose Prime Minister can only declare war upon the approval of the Parliament, with him of course, as its head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because there is no written constitution that guides the legislature, the UK legislature, can, too, by convention, have unlimited power and proposals can be easily approved as long as it has gained the support of the House of Commons (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). Judiciary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US Judiciary is comprised of the Supreme Court and the federal courts established by the legislature. The Judges of the Supreme and the inferior courts are allowed to hold their offices during good behavior unless impeached. The salary of the judges cannot be reduced during office but may be increased (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The power of the US Judiciary extends to all cases arising from the Constitution, Laws and Treatises in the United States involving all US citizens, including ambassadors, ministers, consuls, and also any other issue that involves the State. While there are some cases in which the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is regulated by the Congress (e.g. appellate jurisdiction), the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction cannot be amended by the Congress (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†). Section two of the US Constitution states that criminal cases require trial by jury, except for impeachment cases. The jurisdiction of Federal courts is limited to the subject matter to which it is involved. In the US, a person who already holds Office in the government cannot hold another position, that is, the head of the Supreme Court cannot be the President. This was not the case in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the head of the judiciary is the Lord Chief Justice (previously held by the Lord Chancellor). Prior to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the head of the judiciary had power that encompasses the executive, legislature and judiciary branches. But since the passage of the act, such powers have been divided to new posts such as the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and the Lord or Lady Speaker. The counterpart of the US Supreme Court in the UK is the House of Lords (Emsworth 42). Like that in the US, the jurisdiction of the UK Judiciary extends in all civil and criminal cases. But, unlike in the US where the Supreme Court is considered as the last resort, UK has the Privy Council that could also perform similar function but with less jurisdiction, most of which involving only minor matters. Elections It is the appointed Electors of each State that choose both the President and the Vice President of the United States. There is no indicated limit the selection of Electors except that it can only be as many as the number of Senators and Representatives in the Congress and that no Senator, Representative or any person that holds an Office of Trust or Profit could be considered as Elector (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the election, the person with the highest number of votes is immediately chosen as President and the next highest is chosen as the Vice President. In case there is a tie, the Senate decides who holds the Office of the President and the Vice President with a quorum consisting of two-thirds of the States and majority of all the States (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only a person who is a natural born Citizen of the United States at the time of the Adoption of the Constitution can run for President. In addition, the candidate must be at least 35 years of age and has completed at least 14 years of residence in the United States. A President cannot be elected thrice. The United States is composed of two Political Parties: the Republican and the Democrats (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The electoral system of the United Kingdom is done through the First-past-the-post system or the plurality voting system in which a candidate wins as long as he/she has the most votes regardless of whether he/she has the majority of votes. The UK is composed of three major parties: the Labor Party, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The election of the Prime Minister is done by the members of the Parliament from among themselves. These members of the Parliament are elected by the Electors from different parliamentary districts (Emsworth 1-59). US-UK relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More evident among any other reason for the alliance between the US and the UK is their common position at such times when there is a threat to international security. After all, most will remember how the US and the UK relationship flourished immediately at the end of the Cold War when the two nations, together with others, posed at the same side against Hitler. Just recently, the US and the UK were on the same ground against terrorism and the War in Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is interesting to note that such alliance can be traced back in history even before the US had its written Constitution. More importantly, the US-UK relationship can be said to be rooted to their political histories and ideologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American concept of liberty, for example, can be traced to the British resistance to Absolute Monarchy in the 17th century. This concept of liberty highlighted the importance of the parliament particularly in its role in consenting to taxes, being the â€Å"people’s† representative, the concept of trial by jury, and the protection of citizens (Raymond 1-15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The founding Fathers of the US were greatly influenced by the law-based state which is a British concept. The US documents, the US Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, for example, are based on the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, the latter being the basis in writing the Constitution (Raymond 1-15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It cannot be denied that the two countries’ shared experiences especially in wars and security issues have been a binding element in their relationship. But, more than anything, it is these similarities in concepts and ideologies, the US and the UK’s shared ideas about freedom, law, justice and experience that bind the nations together. Works Cited Emsworth. â€Å"UK Constitution and Government.† Boston, MA: Free Software Foundation, Inc. 2002. Politics of the United Kingdom. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 31 Mar 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 1 Apr 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_United_Kingdomoldid=119272844. â€Å"Population Estimates: UK Population Grows to More than 60m.† National Statistics. 2006. Directgov. 31 Mar 2007 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6. Raymond, R. â€Å"The US-UK Special Relationship in Hisotrical Context: Lessons of the Past.† US-UK Relations at the Start of the 21st Century. Ed. McCausland J and Stuart D. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2006. 1-15. â€Å"The Constitution of the United States.† National Archives. 29 March 2005 http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_transcript.html. Zulueta, F. â€Å"Foundations and Dynamics of Political Science.† Manila: Academic Publishing Corporation. 2003.